Efesus 2:2

2:2 in which ¹  you formerly lived ²  according to this world’s present path, ³  according to the ruler of the kingdom ⁴  of the air, the ruler of ⁵  the spirit ⁶  that is now energizing ⁷  the sons of disobedience, ⁸ 

Efesus 6:11-18

6:11 Clothe yourselves with the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand against the schemes ⁹  of the devil. 6:12 For our struggle ¹⁰  is not against flesh and blood, ¹¹  but against the rulers, against the powers, against the world rulers of this darkness, ¹²  against the spiritual forces ¹³  of evil in the heavens. ¹⁴  6:13 For this reason, take up the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand your ground ¹⁵  on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand. 6:14 Stand firm therefore, by fastening ¹⁶  the belt of truth around your waist, ¹⁷  by putting on the breastplate of righteousness, 6:15 by fitting your ¹⁸  feet with the preparation that comes from the good news ¹⁹  of peace, ²⁰  6:16 and in all of this, ²¹  by taking up the shield ²²  of faith with which you can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 6:17 And take the helmet of salvation ²³  and the sword ²⁴  of the Spirit, which is the word of God. 6:18 With every prayer and petition, pray ²⁵  at all times in the Spirit, and to this end ²⁶  be alert, with all perseverance and requests for all the saints.

[2:2]  ¹ sn The relative pronoun which is feminine as is sins, indicating that sins is the antecedent.

[2:2]  ² tn Grk “walked.”

[2:2]  sn The Greek verb translated lived (περιπατέω, peripatew) in the NT letters refers to the conduct of one’s life, not to physical walking.

[2:2]  ³ tn Or possibly “Aeon.”

[2:2]  sn The word translated present path is the same as that which has been translated [this] age in 1:21 (αἰών, aiwn).

[2:2]  ⁴ tn Grk “domain, [place of] authority.”

[2:2]  ⁵ tn Grk “of” (but see the note on the word “spirit” later in this verse).

[2:2]  ⁶ sn The ruler of the kingdom of the air is also the ruler of the spirit that is now energizing the sons of disobedience. Although several translations regard the ruler to be the same as the spirit, this is unlikely since the cases in Greek are different (ruler is accusative and spirit is genitive). To get around this, some have suggested that the genitive for spirit is a genitive of apposition. However, the semantics of the genitive of apposition are against such an interpretation (cf. ExSyn 100).

[2:2]  ⁷ tn Grk “working in.”

[2:2]  ⁸ sn Sons of disobedience is a Semitic idiom that means “people characterized by disobedience.” However, it also contains a subtle allusion to vv. 4-10: Some of those sons of disobedience have become sons of God.

[6:11]  ⁹ tn Or “craftiness.” See BDAG 625 s.v. μεθοδεία.

[6:12]  ¹⁰ tn BDAG 752 s.v. πάλη says, “struggle against…the opponent is introduced by πρός w. the acc.”

[6:12]  ¹¹ tn Grk “blood and flesh.”

[6:12]  ¹² tn BDAG 561 s.v. κοσμοκράτωρ suggests “the rulers of this sinful world” as a gloss.

[6:12]  sn The phrase world-rulers of this darkness does not refer to human rulers but the evil spirits that rule over the world. The phrase thus stands in apposition to what follows (the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens); see note on heavens at the end of this verse.

[6:12]  ¹³ tn BDAG 837 s.v. πνευματικός 3 suggests “the spirit-forces of evil” in Ephesians 6:12.

[6:12]  ¹⁴ sn The phrase spiritual forces of evil in the heavens serves to emphasize the nature of the forces which oppose believers as well as to indicate the locality from which they originate.

[6:13]  ¹⁵ tn The term ἀνθίστημι (anqisthmi) carries the idea of resisting or opposing something or someone (BDAG 80 s.v.). In Eph 6:13, when used in combination with στῆναι (sthnai; cf. also στῆτε [sthte] in v. 14) and in a context of battle imagery, it seems to have the idea of resisting, standing firm, and being able to stand your ground.

[6:14]  ¹⁶ sn The four participles fastening… putting on…fitting…taking up… indicate the means by which believers can take their stand against the devil and his schemes. The imperative take in v. 17 communicates another means by which to accomplish the standing, i.e., by the word of God.

[6:14]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “girding your waist with truth.” In this entire section the author is painting a metaphor for his readers based on the attire of a Roman soldier prepared for battle and its similarity to the Christian prepared to do battle against spiritually evil forces. Behind the expression “with truth” is probably the genitive idea “belt of truth.” Since this is an appositional genitive (i.e., belt which is truth), the author simply left unsaid the idea of the belt and mentioned only his real focus, namely, the truth. (The analogy would have been completely understandable to his 1st century readers.) The idea of the belt is supplied in the translation to clarify the sense in English.

[6:15]  ¹⁸ tn The definite article τοῖς (tois) was taken as a possessive pronoun, i.e., “your,” since it refers to a part of the physical body.

[6:15]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “gospel.” However, this is not a technical term here.

[6:15]  ²⁰ tn Grk “in preparation of the gospel of peace.” The genitive τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (tou euangeliou) was taken as a genitive of source, i.e., “that comes from….”

[6:16]  ²¹ tn Grk “in everything.”

[6:16]  ²² sn The Greek word translated shield (θυρεός, qureos) refers to the Roman soldier’s large rectangular wooden shield, called in Latin scutum, about 4 ft (1.2 m) high, covered with leather on the outside. Before a battle in which flaming arrows might be shot at them, the soldiers wet the leather covering with water to extinguish the arrows. The Roman legionaries could close ranks with these shields, the first row holding theirs edge to edge in front, and the rows behind holding the shields above their heads. In this formation they were practically invulnerable to arrows, rocks, and even spears.

[6:17]  ²³ sn An allusion to Isa 59:17.

[6:17]  ²⁴ sn The Greek term translated sword (μάχαιρα, macaira) refers to the Roman gladius, a short sword about 2 ft (60 cm) long, used for close hand-to-hand combat. This is the only clearly offensive weapon in the list of armor mentioned by the author (he does not, for example, mention the lance [Latin pilum]).

[6:18]  ²⁵ tn Both “pray” and “be alert” are participles in the Greek text (“praying…being alert”). Both are probably instrumental, loosely connected with all of the preceding instructions. As such, they are not additional commands to do but instead are the means through which the prior instructions are accomplished.

[6:18]  ²⁶ tn Grk “and toward it.”